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it is recommended to plan vascular &#40;carotid&#41; control using an open or endovascular technique &#40;intracarotid balloon&#41; when removing the foreign body&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a six-year-old female patient&#44; who was brought into the Emergency Department by school staff&#44; because she had suffered a fall from a standing height&#44; resulting in a penetrating wound in her left orbit&#44; with a foreign body &#40;pencil&#41; visibly embedded through the orbit&#46; When taken into the cubicle to be seen&#44; the patient scored 15 on the Glasgow Coma Scale and had a foreign body penetrating her left orbit&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The physical-neurological examination revealed an awake&#44; orientated&#44; cooperative&#44; attentive patient&#44; 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cerebral angiography was requested&#46; The patient was transferred to the neurovascular ward &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46;A&#41;&#44; where cerebral angiography was performed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46;B&#41;&#44; confirming deformity and displacement of the carotid artery&#44; without injury to the arterial wall&#46; A balloon occlusion test was positive for adequate competence of communicating vessels&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical case was evaluated early by a multidisciplinary team and it was decided to remove the foreign body by endoscopic technique via the trans-sphenoidal endonasal route&#44; on the neurovascular ward under endovascular control&#44; with an intracarotid balloon when removing the foreign body&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the event of rupture and bleeding of the carotid artery&#44; the following were planned&#58; 1&#41; carotid occlusion with a balloon&#59; 2&#41; carotid trapping&#59; and 3&#41; creation of rescue cerebral bypass&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Endonasal endoscopic access was adequate for visualisation and extraction of the foreign body&#44; which had an obvious course from left to right&#44; through the sella turcica towards the right cavernous sinus &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#46;A&#41;&#46; The foreign body was cut at the level of the ethmoid bone&#44; achieving extraction of the external portion by traction&#44; freeing the left orbit&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before extracting the proximal portion of the foreign body which was in contact with the carotid artery&#44; endovascular control was performed with a balloon &#40;at the level of the cervical carotid artery&#41; and then&#44; by means of gentle and continuous traction&#44; the foreign body was extracted from the base of the skull &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#46;B&#46;I&#44; 3&#46;B&#46;II and 3&#46;B&#46;III&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When extracting the portion of the pencil that had impacted the cavernous sinus&#44; a CSF fistula was observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#46;C&#46;I and 3&#46;C&#46;II&#41;&#46; Profuse lavage with normal saline was performed and small foreign body fragments were removed from the surgical bed&#46; The fistula was closed with fat inside the sella turcica&#8201;&#43;&#8201;lift of the nasoseptal flap &#40;Hadad-Bassagasteguy flap&#41;&#8201;&#43;&#8201;application of &#34;DuraSeal&#34; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#46;D&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient made good progress with no early or late postoperative complications&#44; and completed a 14-day course of antibiotic treatment&#46; She was discharged after 15 days in hospital&#44; with no neurological deficits&#44; no CSF leak&#44; and no obvious ophthalmological complications&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Now&#44; three years after the traumatic event&#44; the patient remains free of complications and has fully resumed her usual school and extracurricular activities&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is a high risk of penetrating orbitocranial injuries in the paediatric population due to the characteristics of their cranial anatomy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common entry site is the roof of the orbit because of the thinness of its wall&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second most common site of entry is the squamous portion of the temporal bone&#44; where it may compromise the temporal and frontal lobes on entry or during its intracranial trajectory&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other less common trajectories include the medial wall of the cavernous sinus&#44; as in the case we present here&#44; or the superior orbital fissure&#44; towards the temporal lobe or brain stem&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is currently no international consensus on the management of this type of injury&#44; especially in paediatric patients&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine the prognosis&#44; we can focus on the Glasgow Coma Scale&#44; pupil assessment and tomography findings on admission&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Glasgow Coma Scale on admission is an important prognostic indicator&#44; particularly if the score is &#62;13&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Other important prognostic factors are pupil size&#44; symmetry and reactivity to light&#46; The tomography findings are important in the prognosis&#44; particularly if intracranial haematomas are identified&#44; as this would make the outcome less hopeful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are primary and secondary injuries associated with this type of trauma&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Primary injuries include bone compromise associated with parenchymal contusions&#44; haematomas&#44; CSF leak and vascular damage&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Secondary injuries &#40;or complications&#41; are divided into early &#40;0&#8211;7 days&#41; and late &#40;&#62;7 days&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early complications include ischaemia&#44; seizures&#44; and central nervous system infections caused by the foreign body or a CSF leak&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8728;</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Late complications are mainly due to the presence of vascular laceration and&#47;or foreign body debris&#46; These lesions include aneurysms&#44; pseudoaneurysms&#44; arteriovenous fistulas&#44; central nervous system infections&#44; seizures and migration of foreign bodies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common late vascular complication is traumatic intracranial aneurysm&#46; This can be a true aneurysm as a result of damage to the arterial wall or&#44; more commonly&#44; a pseudoaneurysm &#40;due to cavitation formed by haematoma around the injured vessel&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vascular injury should be suspected in all trauma involving the base of the skull or fractures with multiple fragments to the temporal bone&#44; clivus or sphenoid bone&#44; particularly near the cavernous sinus&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In cases in which we suspect vascular injury&#44; it is advisable not to remove the foreign body too soon&#44; wait 6&#8722;12&#8201;h&#44; and obtain assistance from an endovascular team&#44; in order to reduce bleeding in case the carotid wall or other vessels are damaged&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Digital subtraction angiography is the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for examining vascular lesions&#44; and it can also help optimise vascular control through balloon occlusion&#46; It should also be taken into account that&#44; in certain cases&#44; the endovascular route will be the safest way to treat some injuries&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infectious complications can occur in up to 64&#37; of cases&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> and gram-negative bacteria being the germs most commonly documented&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following strategy should be used to reduce the risk of infection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Empirical prophylactic antibiotic for at least 7&#8211;14 days&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early surgical washout &#40;within the first 6&#8211;12&#8201;h&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunisation against tetanus &#40;depending on the patient&#39;s previous immunisation status&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of anticonvulsant therapy is suggested in patients with non-convulsive penetrating brain injury for a period of up to seven days&#44; to prevent early seizures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is recommended to remove the foreign body on the ward under general anaesthesia&#44; generally under direct vision&#44; by craniotomy alone or with endoscopic support&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have presented a useful different way in a paediatric patient&#44; using the endonasal endoscopic route &#40;trans-sphenoidal&#41; with endovascular support&#44; with very good results&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusions</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transorbital penetrating intracranial injuries in the paediatric population are rare and even more so when these injuries compromise the cavernous sinus&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Such cases should be handled by a multidisciplinary team&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cerebral angiography should be performed to adequately visualise the cerebral vascular anatomy and the possible compromise of said structures&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Endonasal endoscopic access is an alternative for the visualisation and extraction of such foreign bodies&#44; in addition to allowing the repair of CSF leaks&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Endovascular support means we have vascular control through an intracarotid balloon&#44; increasing the safety of the procedure&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In cases with risk of carotid injury and bleeding during surgery&#44; the steps to follow should be planned in advance&#44; considering carotid occlusion and possible emergency cerebral revascularisation surgery&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Funding</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The research was carried out without any funding&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Penetrating orbitocranial trauma"
            1 => "Cavernous sinus lesion"
            2 => "Cavernous carotid injury"
            3 => "Foreign body resection of the cranial base"
            4 => "Neuroendoscopy"
            5 => "Endoscopic resection of intracranial foreign body"
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            0 => "Trauma penetrante orbitocranial"
            1 => "Lesio&#769;n de seno cavernoso"
            2 => "Lesio&#769;n de caro&#769;tida cavernosa"
            3 => "Reseccio&#769;n cuerpo extran&#771;o base de cra&#769;neo"
            4 => "Neuroendoscopia"
            5 => "Reseccio&#769;n endosc&#243;pica cuerpo extra&#241;o intracraneal"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Transorbitary intracranial penetrating traumatic injuries are uncommon in the paediatric population&#44; and may occur in the context of domestic&#44; sporting or school accidents&#46; They can extend to skull base and compromise vascular structures such as cavernous sinus and internal carotid&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We present a case of 6 years-old girl that suffered an intracranial transorbital penetrating injury with a wooden pencil that crossed from the medial edge of left orbit&#44; transetmoidal and trans-sphenoidal&#44; entering the right sellar region and leaving its end in contact with carotid artery &#40;cavernous segment&#41;&#46; After pre-surgical studies&#44; foreign body removal was performed with endoscopic surgery&#8201;&#43;&#8201;endovascular control in case of carotid injury&#46; After removing the foreign body&#44; a CSF fistula occurred and was repaired&#46; Patient recovered adequately&#44; without neurological deficit&#44; without postoperative CSF fistula&#44; without CNS infection or oculomotor alteration&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las lesiones traum&#225;ticas penetrantes transorbitarias-intracraneanas&#44; son infrecuentes en poblaci&#243;n pedi&#225;trica&#44; pudiendo ocurrir en el contexto de accidentes dom&#233;sticos&#44; deportivos o escolares&#46; Pueden extenderse a la base del cr&#225;neo y comprometer estructuras vasculares como el seno cavernoso y car&#243;tida interna&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se presenta caso de ni&#241;a de 6 a&#241;os de edad&#44; sufre lesi&#243;n penetrante transorbitaria intracraneal con un l&#225;piz de madera&#44; con trayecto cruzado desde borde medial de &#243;rbita izquierda&#44; transetmoidal y transesfenoidal&#44; ingresando a regi&#243;n selar derecha e improntando a arteria car&#243;tida derecha &#40;porci&#243;n cavernosa&#41;&#46; Luego de los estudios pre-quir&#250;rgicos&#44; se realiz&#243; extirpaci&#243;n de cuerpo extra&#241;o con cirug&#237;a endosc&#243;pica&#8201;&#43;&#8201;control endovascular en caso de lesi&#243;n carotidea&#46; Posterior a resecar cuerpo extra&#241;o&#44; se repar&#243; f&#237;stula de LCR evidenciada intraoperatoriamente&#46; Paciente se recuper&#243; adecuadamente&#44; sin d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico&#44; sin f&#237;stula postoperatoria de LCR&#44; sin infecci&#243;n del SNC ni alteraci&#243;n oculomotora&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Torche Velez E&#44; Rojas Vilarroel P&#44; Vera Figueroa F&#44; Vigueras Alvarez S&#46; Lesio&#769;n penetrante intracraneana transorbitaria&#44; con compromiso de seno cavernoso en paciente pedia&#769;trico&#46; Neurocirugia&#46; 2022&#59;33&#58;377&#8211;382&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bone window tomography with a foreign body passing through the ethmoid sinuses from left to right &#40;1&#46;A&#41;&#46; CT angiography of the brain shows contact between a foreign body and the right cavernous carotid artery &#40;1&#46;B&#41;&#46; Bone 3D reconstruction&#44; marked foreign body trajectory and its relationship with structures in the sellar region &#40;1&#46;C&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Endoscopic visualisation of foreign body &#40;3&#46;A&#41;&#46; Gradual extraction of pencil from the base of the skull &#40;3&#46;B&#46;I&#44; 3&#46;B&#46;II and 3&#46;B&#46;III&#41;&#46; Black arrow indicates CSF fistula through defect in the sellar floor caused by foreign body &#40;3&#46;C&#46;I&#44; 3&#46;C&#46;II and 3&#46;C&#46;III&#41;&#46; Closure of dural defect with fat patch&#44; nasoseptal flap and DuraSeal &#40;3&#46;D&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Transorbital penetrating injury&#58; case series&#44; review of the literature&#44; and proposed management algorithm"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Schreckinger"
                            1 => "D&#46; Orringer"
                            2 => "B&#46;G&#46; Thompson"
                            3 => "F&#46; la Marca"
                            4 => "O&#46; Sagher"
                          ]
                        ]
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                      "doi" => "10.3171/2010.8.JNS10301"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Neurosurg"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "114"
                        "paginaInicial" => "53"
                        "paginaFinal" => "61"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20868210"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                ]
              ]
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Orbitocranial low-velocity penetrating injury&#58; a personal experience&#44; case series&#44; review of the literature&#44; and proposed management plan"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;M&#46; Mzimbiri"
                            1 => "J&#46; Li"
                            2 => "M&#46;A&#46; Bajawi"
                            3 => "S&#46; Lan"
                            4 => "F&#46; Chen"
                            5 => "J&#46; Liu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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Journal Information
Vol. 33. Issue 6.
Pages 377-382 (November - December 2022)
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Vol. 33. Issue 6.
Pages 377-382 (November - December 2022)
Case Report
Transorbital penetrating intracranial injury, with cavernous sinus involvement
Lesión penetrante intracraneana transorbitaria, con compromiso de seno cavernoso en paciente pediátrico
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11
Esteban Torche Velez, Pablo Rojas Vilarroel, Franco Vera Figueroa
Corresponding author
franco.verafigueroa@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Sebastián Vigueras Alvarez
Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente (Hospital Regional de Concepción), Concepción, Chile
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Abstract

Transorbitary intracranial penetrating traumatic injuries are uncommon in the paediatric population, and may occur in the context of domestic, sporting or school accidents. They can extend to skull base and compromise vascular structures such as cavernous sinus and internal carotid.

We present a case of 6 years-old girl that suffered an intracranial transorbital penetrating injury with a wooden pencil that crossed from the medial edge of left orbit, transetmoidal and trans-sphenoidal, entering the right sellar region and leaving its end in contact with carotid artery (cavernous segment). After pre-surgical studies, foreign body removal was performed with endoscopic surgery + endovascular control in case of carotid injury. After removing the foreign body, a CSF fistula occurred and was repaired. Patient recovered adequately, without neurological deficit, without postoperative CSF fistula, without CNS infection or oculomotor alteration.

Keywords:
Penetrating orbitocranial trauma
Cavernous sinus lesion
Cavernous carotid injury
Foreign body resection of the cranial base
Neuroendoscopy
Endoscopic resection of intracranial foreign body
Resumen

Las lesiones traumáticas penetrantes transorbitarias-intracraneanas, son infrecuentes en población pediátrica, pudiendo ocurrir en el contexto de accidentes domésticos, deportivos o escolares. Pueden extenderse a la base del cráneo y comprometer estructuras vasculares como el seno cavernoso y carótida interna.

Se presenta caso de niña de 6 años de edad, sufre lesión penetrante transorbitaria intracraneal con un lápiz de madera, con trayecto cruzado desde borde medial de órbita izquierda, transetmoidal y transesfenoidal, ingresando a región selar derecha e improntando a arteria carótida derecha (porción cavernosa). Luego de los estudios pre-quirúrgicos, se realizó extirpación de cuerpo extraño con cirugía endoscópica + control endovascular en caso de lesión carotidea. Posterior a resecar cuerpo extraño, se reparó fístula de LCR evidenciada intraoperatoriamente. Paciente se recuperó adecuadamente, sin déficit neurológico, sin fístula postoperatoria de LCR, sin infección del SNC ni alteración oculomotora.

Palabras clave:
Trauma penetrante orbitocranial
Lesión de seno cavernoso
Lesión de carótida cavernosa
Resección cuerpo extraño base de cráneo
Neuroendoscopia
Resección endoscópica cuerpo extraño intracraneal

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