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Review article
Uncorrected Proof. Available online 8 December 2025
A systematic review of intradural disk herniation: A neurosurgeon's perspective
Revisión sistemática de la hernia discal intradural: perspectiva de un neurocirujano
Alberto Morello
Corresponding author
alberto.morello@unito.it

Corresponding author.
, Enrico Lo Bue, Ayoub Saaid, Stefano Colonna, Alessandro Pesaresi, Federica Bellino, Marco Ajello, Alessandro Fiumefreddo, Diego Garbossa, Fabio Cofano
Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, “Città della Salute e della Scienza” University Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Table 1. The presentations of patients and surgical procedures and outcomes.
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Table 2. Dura defect management.
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Abstract

Intradural disk herniation (IDH) refers to the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into the dural sac. While disk herniation is a relatively frequent condition, the intradural variant is exceptionally rare. Patients diagnosed with IDH often exhibit more pronounced clinical symptoms compared to those with extradural herniations. Establishing a definitive preoperative diagnosis remains challenging, as the pathophysiology and radiological features are not yet fully understood. Differentiating IDH from other intradural extramedullary pathologies, including schwannomas, neurofibromas, meningiomas, or metastatic lesions, can be complex.

A systematic review was conducted on the diagnosis and treatment of cervical, thoracic and lumbar IDH, following PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and retrieving potentially relevant literature from PubMed and Embase. The search strategy included combinations of the terms “transdural” OR “intradural” AND “disc” AND “herniation”. Age, sex, symptoms, herniated disk level, history of trauma, location of disk mass, imaging examination, pre- or intraoperative diagnosis and clinical outcomes were studied through the medical records. The type of surgery, the ventral dural defect management and the postoperative leakage of cerebrospinal fluid were also evaluated.

One hundred and sixty-one articles involving 285 patients were selected. Cases of IDHs occurred at the lumbar (64.3%), thoracic (21.9%) and cervical (13.8%) levels. The most common level IDH was located at L4–L5 (27.6%). 49 patients exhibited cauda equina syndrome. Only 44 patients (15.4%) were diagnosed as having IDH preoperatively, while most patients were diagnosed intraoperatively. Neurological functions improved variably according to cervical, thoracic and lumbar locations (respectively 2.5%, 5.6% and 21.7%).

IDH mostly involves the lumbar spine. Patients with IDH generally experience more severe symptoms than those with extradural disk herniation and have incomplete recovery of postoperative neurological functions. Diagnosing IDH remains challenging given its clinical presentations and radiographic features, and it is likely an underdiagnosed and underestimated condition.

Keywords:
Lumbar
Herniation
Transdural
Disk
Spine
Extramedullary
Resumen

La hernia discal intradural (HDI) se refiere a la protrusión del núcleo pulposo dentro del saco dural. Aunque la hernia discal es una afección relativamente frecuente, su variante intradural es excepcionalmente rara. Los pacientes con diagnóstico de HDI suelen presentar síntomas clínicos más intensos en comparación con aquellos con hernias discales extradurales. El diagnóstico preoperatorio definitivo sigue siendo un reto, ya que tanto la fisiopatología como las características radiológicas no se comprenden completamente. Diferenciar la HDI de otras patologías intradurales extramedulares, como schwannomas, neurofibromas, meningiomas o lesiones metastásicas, puede resultar complejo.

Se realizó una revisión sistemática sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las HDI cervicales, torácicas y lumbares, siguiendo las directrices de Elementos de Información Preferidos para Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis (PRISMA). Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed y Embase utilizando las combinaciones de términos: «transdural» OR «intradural» AND «disc» AND «herniation». A partir de los registros médicos se analizaron: edad, sexo, síntomas, nivel discal afectado, antecedentes traumáticos, localización de la masa discal, estudios de imagen, diagnóstico pre o intraoperatorio y evolución clínica. También se evaluaron el tipo de cirugía, el manejo del defecto dural ventral y la presencia de fuga de líquido cefalorraquídeo en el posoperatorio.

Se seleccionaron 161 artículos que incluyeron un total de 285 pacientes. Los casos de HDI se localizaron en la columna lumbar (64,3%), torácica (21,9%) y cervical (13,8%). El nivel más frecuentemente afectado fue L4–L5 (27,6%). Cuarenta y nueve pacientes presentaron síndrome de la cola de caballo. Solo 44 pacientes (15,4%) fueron diagnosticados con HDI antes de la cirugía, mientras que en la mayoría el diagnóstico se estableció intraoperatoriamente. La recuperación neurológica fue variable según la localización: cervical (2,5%), torácica (5,6%) y lumbar (21,7%).

La HDI afecta principalmente a la columna lumbar. Los pacientes suelen presentar síntomas más severos que en las hernias extradurales, y la recuperación neurológica postoperatoria tiende a ser incompleta. El diagnóstico sigue siendo un desafío debido a las características clínicas y radiológicas, por lo que probablemente se trate de una entidad infradiagnosticada y subestimada.

Palabras clave:
Columna lumbar
Hernia discal
Transdural
Disco intervertebral
Columna vertebral
Extramedular

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