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Pages 75-144 (March - April 2025)
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Vol. 36. Issue 2.
Pages 75-144 (March - April 2025)
Clinical Research

Is anterior fusion still necessary in patients with neurologically intact thoracolumbar burst fractures? A systematic review and meta-analysis

¿Sigue siendo necesaria la fusión anterior en pacientes con fracturas por estallido toracolumbares neurológicamente intactas? Una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis
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Andrey Grin, Vasily Karanadze, Ivan Lvov
,◊
, Aleksandr Talypov, Anton Kordonskiy, Rinat Abdrafiev
Department of Neurosurgery, Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Objectives

To conduct a systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis to evaluate and compare radiological indicators, as well as short-term and long-term outcomes, in patients with neurologically intact thoracolumbar burst fractures (TLBF) who underwent anterior fusion, combined anterior-posterior procedure, or short-segment pedicle screw fixation (PSF).

Methods

A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Inclusion criteria comprised articles published between 2004 and 2023, full-text availability in English, burst fractures without spinal cord or nerve root injuries at admission, short-segment PSF without fusion, anterior or combined fusion methods, patients aged 18 or older, and a minimum 12-month follow-up.

Meta-analysis was carried out using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Using a single-arm meta-analysis method, pooled indicators of short- and long-term outcomes for each studied group were determined. The obtained data were then compared using simple comparison.

Results

The pooled mean Cobb angle at admission for the anterior, combined, and PSF groups was 18.2° (95% CI, 14.6−21.8), 11.7° (95% CI, 9.7−13.5), and 17.1° (95% CI, 15.1–19.1), respectively. Anterior fusion achieved a greater degree of kyphosis correction across all groups, but only the combined group showed a nonsignificant loss of correction after discharge (SMD = 0.809 [95% CI, 0.270, 1.348]). The anterior vertebral body compression rate at admission was 55.2% (95% CI, 46.3−64.0) in the combined group and 37.8% (95% CI, 33.7−41.9) in the PSF group.

Operative time, blood loss, and hospitalization duration were lowest in the percutaneous PSF group, with means of 96.5 min (95% CI, 82.4–110.6), 83.8 ml (95% CI, 71.7–95.9), and 6.6 days (95% CI, 4.7–8.5), respectively. All techniques demonstrated a similar incidence of deep wound infections and implant-related complications.

The pooled Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were 17.2 (95% CI, 10.4−23.9) for the anterior group, 15.4 (95% CI, 11.5–19.3) for the combined group, and 13.4 (95% CI, 10.4–16.3) for the PSF group.

Conclusions

For patients with neurologically intact thoracolumbar burst fractures, with a kyphotic angle of less than 19.1° and an anterior vertebral body compression rate of less than 41.9%, short-segment pedicle screw fixation without fusion may be preferable option due to reduced intraoperative blood loss, shorter operation duration, shorter hospital stay, and better ODI scores at final follow-up. Routine anterior fusion has demonstrated high potential for kyphosis correction. The loss of the Cobb angle from surgery to final follow-up was nonsignificant only in patients who underwent combined surgery. When determining the surgical approach, surgeons should carefully weigh the advantages of anterior and combined fusion against the significantly higher surgical trauma compared to standard PSF.

Keywords:
Neurologically intact thoracolumbar fracture
Burst spine fracture
Anterior spine fusion
Posterior spine fusion
Pedicle screw fixation
Resumen
Objetivos

Realizar una revisión sistemática y un meta análisis de un solo brazo para evaluar y comparar los indicadores radiológicos, así como los resultados a corto y largo plazo, en pacientes con fracturas por estallido toracolumbar (TLBF) sin déficit neurológico que se sometieron a fusión anterior, procedimientos combinados de fusión anterior-posterior o fijación con tornillos pediculares de segmento corto (PSF).

Métodos

Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática siguiendo las directrices PRISMA. Los criterios de inclusión incluyeron artículos publicados entre 2004 y 2023, disponibilidad del texto completo en inglés, fracturas por estallido sin lesiones de la médula espinal o raíces nerviosas al ingreso, PSF de segmento corto sin fusión, métodos de fusión anterior o combinada, pacientes de 18 años o más, y un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses.

El metanálisis se realizó utilizando el software Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Mediante un método de metanálisis de un solo brazo, se determinaron los indicadores combinados de los resultados a corto y largo plazo para cada grupo estudiado. Los datos obtenidos se compararon luego mediante una comparación simple.

Resultados

El ángulo medio de Cobb combinado al ingreso para los grupos de fusión anterior, combinada y PSF fue de 18,2° (IC del 95%, 14,6-21,8), 11,70° (IC del 95%, 9,7-13,5) y 17,1° (IC del 95%, 15,1-19,1), respectivamente. La fusión anterior logró una mayor corrección de la cifosis en todos los grupos, pero solo el grupo combinado mostró una pérdida no significativa de la corrección después del alta (SMD = 0,809 [IC del 95%, 0,270, 1,348]). La tasa de compresión del cuerpo vertebral anterior al ingreso fue del 55,2% (IC del 95%, 46,3-64,0) en el grupo combinado y del 37,8% (IC del 95%, 33,7-41,9) en el grupo PSF.

El tiempo operatorio, la pérdida de sangre y la duración de la hospitalización fueron más bajos en el grupo PSF percutáneo, con medias de 96,5 minutos (IC del 95%, 82,4-110,6), 83,8 ml (IC del 95%, 71,7-95,9) y 6,6 días (IC del 95%, 4,7-8,5), respectivamente. Todas las técnicas demostraron una incidencia similar de infecciones profundas de heridas y complicaciones relacionadas con los implantes.

Los puntajes combinados del Índice de Discapacidad de Oswestry (ODI) fueron 17,2 (IC del 95%, 10,4-23,9) para el grupo de fusión anterior, 15,4 (IC del 95%, 11,5-19,3) para el grupo combinado y 13,4 (IC del 95%, 10,4-16,3) para el grupo PSF.

Conclusiones

Para pacientes con fracturas por estallido toracolumbar sin déficit neurológico, con un ángulo cifótico menor de 19,10° y una tasa de compresión del cuerpo vertebral anterior menor de 41,9%, la fijación con tornillos pediculares de segmento corto sin fusión puede ser la opción preferida debido a la menor pérdida de sangre intraoperatoria, la duración más corta de la operación, la estancia hospitalaria más breve y mejores puntajes ODI en el seguimiento final. La fusión anterior de rutina ha demostrado un alto potencial para corregir la cifosis. La pérdida del ángulo de Cobb desde la cirugía hasta el seguimiento final fue no significativa solo en los pacientes que se sometieron a una cirugía combinada. Al determinar el abordaje quirúrgico, los cirujanos deben sopesar cuidadosamente las ventajas de la fusión anterior y combinada frente al trauma quirúrgico significativamente mayor en comparación con la PSF estándar.

Palabras clave:
Fractura toracolumbar neurológicamente intacta
Fractura por estallido
Fusión espinal anterior
Fusión espinal posterior
Fijación con tornillos pediculares

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