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Timing matters: influence of vertebral augmentation timing on pain relief, cement leakage, and fracture progression in thoracolumbar vertebral compression fractures
El momento en que se realiza la cementación vertebral en fracturas aplastamiento toracolumbares importa: impacto en alivio del dolor, fuga de cemento y progresión del aplastamiento.
Raquel Gutiérrez-Gonzáleza,b,
Corresponding author
rgutierrezgonzalez@yahoo.es

Corresponding author: Department of Neurosurgery, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, IDIPHISA Manuel de Falla 1, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
, Teresa Kalantaric, Xavier Santanderd, Álvaro Zamarróne, Ana Royuelaf
a Department of Neurosurgery. Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, IDIPHISA. Manuel de Falla 1, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
b Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
c Department of Neurosurgery, Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla Hospital. Gta. ejercito 1, 28047, Madrid, Spain
d Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Clavel. Joaquín Costa 28, 28002, Madrid. Spain
e Department of Neurosurgery, La Paz University Hospital. Pº Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
f Biostatistics Unit. Biomedical Research Institute - IDIPHISA. CIBERESP. Puerta de Hierro University Hospital. Manuel de Falla 1, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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ABSTRACT

Background and aim: There is no consensus regarding the best timing of vertebral augmentation (VA) procedures for the treatment of osteoporotic thoracolumbar fractures. This study aims to determine if early VA (performed during the first 2 weeks of evolution) show an advantage over delayed surgery in terms of efficacy and safety outcomes, and to evaluate the role of different modifiable therapeutic variables on the same outcomes.

Material and methods: Single-center retrospective study including all patients aged >50 years who underwent VA for thoracolumbar osteoporotic fracture from 2010 to 2023. Patients with two events in less than 3 months or incomplete follow-up were excluded. Pain relief, fracture progression and cement extravasation were assessed with regression analyses.

Results: 154 procedures were analyzed, with no significant difference in pain relief according to the timing of surgery. Early VA (1-14 days after symptoms onset) was associated with higher risk of fracture progression compared to intermediate (15-60 days; OR 15.2, p=0.001) and delayed (>60 days; OR 16.2, p=0.013) procedures; higher risk of cement leakage into the disc or vascular space (OR 3.2, p=0.025); but lower risk of spinal canal cement leakage (OR 0.16, p=0.027). No differences were observed between vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty.

Discussion and Conclusion: Early VA showed equivalent but earlier effect on pain relief and reduced risk of spinal canal leakage when compared with delayed procedures, despite a non-clinically significant increased risk of fracture progression and cement leakage into the disc or drainage vessels. Thus, it was identified as the most effective strategy for balancing analgesic efficacy and procedural safety.

Keywords:
kyphoplasty
osteoporosis
vertebral fracture
vertebral augmentation
elderly
vertebroplasty
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:
OR
SD
VA
VAS
95% CI
RESUMEN

Antecedentes y objetivo: No existe consenso sobre cuál es el momento óptimo para realizar procedimientos de cementación vertebral (CV) en el tratamiento de las fracturas toracolumbares osteoporóticas. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si la cementación precoz (realizada durante las dos primeras semanas de evolución) presenta ventajas con respecto a la cirugía diferida en términos de eficacia y seguridad, así como evaluar el papel de las diferentes variables terapéuticas modificables en dichos resultados.

Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo unicéntrico que incluyó a todos los pacientes mayores de 50 años que se sometieron a una CV por fractura osteoporótica toracolumbar entre 2010 y 2023. Se excluyó a los pacientes con dos episodios en menos de tres meses o con un seguimiento incompleto. Mediante un análisis de regresión se evaluaron el alivio del dolor, la progresión de la fractura y la extravasación de cemento.

Resultados: Se analizaron 154 procedimientos, sin diferencias significativas en el alivio del dolor según el momento de la cirugía. La CV precoz (1-14 días después del inicio de los síntomas) se asoció a un mayor riesgo de progresión de la fractura en comparación con la cementación intermedia (15-60 días; OR 15,2, p=0,001) y la tardía (>60 días; OR 16,2, p=0,013); mayor riesgo de fuga de cemento al disco o a vasos adyacentes (OR 3,2, p=0,025); pero menor riesgo de fuga de cemento al canal espinal (OR 0,16, p=0,027). No se observaron diferencias entre vertebroplastia y cifoplastia.

Conclusiones: La CV precoz mostró un efecto equivalente pero más temprano en el alivio del dolor y redujo el riesgo de fuga de cemento al canal espinal en comparación con intervenciones diferidas, a pesar de un aumento del riesgo de progresión de la fractura y fuga de cemento al disco o a los vasos de drenaje (efectos sin repercusión clínica significativa). Así, se identificó como la estrategia más eficaz para equilibrar la eficacia analgésica y la seguridad del procedimiento.

Palabras clave:
cifoplastia
osteoporosis
fractura vertebral
cementación vertebral
ancianos
vertebroplastia

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