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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cerebrospinal fluid &#40;CSF&#41; leak is an everyday encounter in neurosurgical practices that may be caused by incidental intraoperative durotomy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> during procedures such as lumbar instrumentation&#44; head&#47;spinal trauma and even lumbar puncture<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#8211;5</span></a>&#46; Accordingly&#44; the rate of incidental durotomy &#40;ID&#41; varies with specific spinal surgeries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and revision surgery&#44; having been identified as the highest mainspring of ID<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6</span></a>&#46; While some studies suggest IDs are associated with good clinical outcomes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; other scholars argue that CSF leak may result into serious sequelae such as meningitis&#44; arachnoiditis&#44; CSF fistula and pseudomeningocele<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7&#44;8</span></a> and therefore suggest an evidence-based management protocol for these complications&#46; Some known risk factors that have been identified to predispose patients to durotomy&#44; include laminectomy&#44; old age and prior spine surgery<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CSF leak clinical manifestations often include prolonged orthostatic headache&#44; nasal&#47;ear CSF drainage&#44; meningitis&#44; visual disturbances and tinnitus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;12</span></a>&#46; Additionally&#44; intracranial and intraspinal hypotension may occur after CSF leak<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Spontaneous CSF leak is also observed for undetermined reasons&#46; However&#44; considerable patients with this type of CSF leak are known to have structural dural abnormalities such as meningeal diverticula with associated connective tissue diseases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and congenital spinal anomalies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Usually&#44; symptoms improve without therapeutic intervention after some days<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Suggestively&#44; prolonged bed rest has been found to decrease the risk of post-operative spinal complication such as CSF leak<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intraoperative subfascial Jackson-Pratte drainage has been suggested as one of the earliest diagnosing parameters for postoperative lumbar CSF leak<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; However&#44; the dural tear&#39;s direct suturing is the standard care of management in instances where patients&#8217; symptoms persist<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Numerous previous studies on CSF leak management strategies have been published&#44; but no evidence-based guidelines have been established<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;5&#44;13&#8211;16</span></a>&#46; In addition&#44; most managements of this complication are based solely on individual surgeons discretion<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> resulting in more management bias&#46; Clinical experiences supported by evidence in English literature show that acetazolamide has been used and described in CSF leak management<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Consequently&#44; in this review&#44; we examined Prone positioning&#39;s effectiveness with Acetazolamide administration &#40;CP&#43;A&#41; on the patients&#8217; outcome subsequent to postoperative spinal surgery CSF leak&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Patient population</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-two patients aged between 18 and 70 years &#40;36 men and 36 women&#41; who underwent spinal surgeries with post-operative CSF leak that was mainly due to the dural injury after the surgery were enrolled for the study&#46; The study excluded the following groups&#8212;those who had previous history of spinal surgery or dural impairment at the same location&#44; patients with a history of chemo-radiotherapy for any malignancy&#44; patient with preoperative infections and malnourished patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Study design</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was designed as a single-center&#44; double-blind&#44; randomized controlled trial&#46; The Ethics Committee at Tehran University of Medical Sciences &#40;TUMS&#41; approved the Research Protocol before beginning the study &#8211; Trial Registration Code&#58; IRCT201501178612N2&#46; Besides&#44; all the patients were duly informed and provided written informed consent before the study began&#46; The study was conducted between January 2014 and September 2015 in the Neurosurgical ward of Shariati Teaching Hospital&#44; Tehran&#44; Iran and TUMS&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Sample size and randomization of patients</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A primary prevalence of 20&#37; CSF leak was assumed based on literature reviews and expert opinions&#46; According to this assumption&#44; a power of 80&#37;&#44; and a precision of 0&#46;05&#44; Sixty-two &#40;62&#41; patients were required for the study&#46; However&#44; 72 participants were recruited to cover probable losses even though we had no follow up losses&#46; A randomization table was generated by computer software using a 2&#42;2 Block Randomization Algorithm&#46; The researchers assigned each patient to either the Intervention or Control Group after the Inclusion Criteria were determined&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16&#46;0 &#40;SPSS&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Data are expressed as the mean&#8239;&#177;&#8239;Standard Deviation&#46; Continuous variables were performed using <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test&#46; Univariate analysis of categorical variables was performed using Chi-square test or Fisher&#39;s exact test&#46; In addition&#44; Multivariate analysis was performed using Binary Logistic Regression to assess the effects of Basal and Surgical parameters on the likelihood of CSF leak among patients&#46; Results with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;05 were considered statistically significant&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Surgical and intraoperative parameters</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients underwent surgery in an elective setting&#46; Surgical intervention was performed according to preoperative radiological imaging and diagnosis&#46; In spinal tumor cases&#44; operating microscope was used&#46; All resected spinal tumors were sent to pathology for histopathologic confirmation&#46; After completing all intradural procedures&#44; the spinal dura and fascia were closed using the watertight sutures&#46; No adhesive materials such as gel and sealants were used to secure the sutures after surgery&#46; After closing the overlaying skin&#44; surgical sites were dressed appropriately to prevent post-operative local infections and dehiscence&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Intervention&#47;control groups-postoperative management</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since no standardized pharmacotherapeutic dosing of acetazolamide for the treatment of CSF leak has been yet established the dosing in this study was based on the equivalent dose of acetazolamide used in our long years of experience in the treatment of pseudotumor cerebri in our neurosurgical center&#46; Group 1 or Intervention group received Acetazolamide oral tablet &#40;20&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#41; in 3&#8211;4 divided doses for 7 days&#44; commencing from post-op days 1&#8211;7&#46; Besides&#44; patients were placed in 3&#47;4 lateral prone positions almost all day &#40;24&#8239;h&#41; to relieve pressure on the operation site&#46; Group 2 or Control group were only placed in the 3&#47;4 lateral prone position for 7 days in a duration of 24&#8239;h&#44; commencing from post-op days 1&#8211;7&#46; These patients received no Acetazolamide and no other similar medications&#46; Patients had regular daily wound dressings and wound examination by the study team for any CSF leak signs&#46; After hospital discharge&#44; patients were followed up out-patiently by regularly visits at the hospital neurosurgical clinic for an additional period of 4&#8211;8 weeks&#46; From the postoperative day 7 to the 8 week&#44; both groups had no acetazolamide administration&#46; They were only monitored for CSF leakage from the surgical site on every clinic visit&#46; All patients were informed to immediately report to the Emergency ward in case of CSF leak from the surgical site&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Postoperative complication</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CSF leak occurred in 6 patients&#44; 2 patients in the CP&#43;A group and 4 patients in the CP&#8722;A group&#46; 3 of these patients were taken to the operating room for revision surgery&#44; 3 CSF leaks were oversewn at the bedside&#46; Two patients were administered with antibiotics for local wound infection&#44; however&#44; none had meningitis&#46; CSF leak was considered when there was a direct leakage through the closed surgical site&#46; Subcutaneous CSF accumulation without actual leakage from surgical site was not considered as CSF leakage&#46; None of the patients who presented with CSF leakage experience headache symptoms&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-two patients were randomly assigned to two study groups &#91;CP&#8722;A &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;36&#44; male&#58; 19&#59; female&#58; 17&#41; and CP&#43;A &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;36&#59; male&#58; 17&#59; female&#59; 19&#41;&#93;&#44; the mean age for the CP&#8722;A group was 48&#46;08&#8239;&#177;&#8239;14&#46;8 years and the mean age of the CP&#43;A group was 48&#46;03&#8239;&#177;&#8239;16&#46;42&#8239;year&#46; Total mean age was 48&#46;55&#8239;&#177;&#8239;15&#46;52 year&#46; The gender distribution of the patients in the two groups was homogenous&#46; 4 patients &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41; from the CP&#8722;A and 6 patients &#40;16&#46;7&#37;&#41; had a previous history of operation&#46; Sex &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;37&#41;&#44; Age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;988&#41;&#44; History of previous operation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;496&#41; showed no Significant Difference between the two groups&#46; The basic characteristics of patents are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients were categorized into two types of operation &#40;Incidental dural tear and dural opening&#41;&#46; Forty-five patients &#40;62&#46;5&#37;&#41; had incidental dural tear during the operation&#46; 27 patients &#40;37&#46;5&#37;&#41; had dural opening&#46; The size of dural opening in the CP&#8722;A and the CP&#43;A group ranged from 2&#8211;120&#8239;mm to 2&#8211;180 respectively&#46; No significant difference was observed between the two groups for type of operation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;465&#41;&#44; and Size of Dural opening &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;489&#41;&#44; the two groups were relatively homogenous&#46; Among the patients who enrolled in the study 1 patient &#40;1&#46;4&#37;&#41; had syrinx&#44; 14 patients &#40;19&#46;4&#37;&#41; had discopathy&#44; 27 patients &#40;37&#46;5&#37;&#41; had spinal tumors&#44; 1 patient &#40;1&#46;4&#37;&#41; had fracture&#44; 2 patient &#40;2&#46;8&#37;&#41; had cervical stenosis&#44; 24 patients &#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41; had lumbar stenosis&#44; 1 patient &#40;1&#46;4&#37;&#41; had intradural AVF&#44; 1 patient &#40;1&#46;4&#37;&#41; had tethered cord and 1 patient had &#40;1&#46;4&#37;&#41; had pseudomeningocele&#46; No statistical difference was observed between the two groups for diagnosis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;283&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> summarizes the surgical characteristics of the patients&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CSF leak was observed in 2 patients &#40;5&#46;55&#37;&#41; and 4 patients &#40;11&#46;11&#37;&#41; from the CP&#43;A and CP&#8722;A group&#44; respectively&#46; The mean duration of CSF leak were 2&#46;1&#8239;&#177;&#8239;2&#46;3 days and 3&#46;5&#8239;&#177;&#8239;2&#46;5 days in the CP&#43;A and CP&#8722;A group&#44; respectively&#46; Multivariate analysis of CSF leak after surgery in the two groups is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; No significant difference was observed between the two groups&#44; although the number of patients with CSF leak after surgery was lower in CP&#43;A than CP&#8722;A &#40;Odds Ratio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;471&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;081&#8211;2&#46;748&#41;&#46; Besides&#44; there was no significant difference between these two groups in Crude or Adjusted state &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value&#59; crude&#58; &#46;402&#59; Adjusted&#59; 0&#46;247&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> summarizes CSF leak and related management&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No standardized&#44; evidence-based guideline for acetazolamide administration in CSF leak has been established<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;16</span></a>&#46; Hence this study was designed to assess the efficacy of prone positioning&#8239;&#43;&#8239;Acetazolamide &#40;CP&#43;A&#41; administration over only prone positioning &#40;CP&#8722;A&#41; in the management of CSF leak in post-operative patients following spinal surgery&#46; Several conditions including syrinx&#44; disk&#44; tumor&#44; cervical stenosis&#44; lumbar stenosis&#44; intradural arteriovenous fistula &#40;AVF&#41;&#44; tethered cord&#44; pseudomeningocele&#44; can cause CSF leak and although these complications can be managed in diverse way<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> the ultimate management recommended for CSF leak is spinal revision surgeries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Numerous studies have revealed dural closure with polyglactin acid sheet and fibrin glue can achieve watertight closure after spinal surgeries and minimize CSF leak<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;19</span></a>&#46; However&#44; CSF leak&#44; CSF collection and wound dehiscence remains as a significant complication of spinal surgeries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15&#44;16&#44;20</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; To alleviate the risk of these complications&#44; different interventions have been applied as protective modalities<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8&#44;22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bed rest is highly recommended for post-operative management care<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;18&#44;23&#8211;25</span></a>&#46; Isolated Flat positioning is proposed as an actual CSF leak management strategy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a>&#46; In one study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> three different postoperative care strategies were reported&#58; Supine positioning for 48&#8239;h&#44; or 72&#8239;h either as three days in the hospital or discharged after the first day&#46; The results revealed that bed rest can reduce CSF leak during 48&#8239;h&#46; In another study&#44; 31 patients were held supine for 8 days after surgery&#46; According to the two reported studies those who remained in supine position for 8 days had lower rate of CSF leak<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; Besides&#44; analysis obtained from studies suggests that Prone positioning can significantly eliminate the rate of CSF leak and collection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Moreover&#44; the mean lumbar subarachnoid and CSF pressures increases by shifting the body position from horizontal to vertical state<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From our experience&#44; CSF leak can significantly improve by maintaining the prone position&#46; Controlled CSF drainage has been observed to effectively manage CSF leak following durotomy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Prone position equilibrate the pressure difference in CSF flow in subarachnoid space either by decreasing subarachnoid fluid pressure and&#47;or increasing epidural space pressure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; The management of patients with underlying congenital disorder spinal cyst by cyst drainage and diversion of CSF with no post-operative wound leakage follows the same principle of balancing pressure differences in CSF flow<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a>&#46; Also&#44; microarchitecture size and the extension of the communicating channel between cyst and CSF in the spinal canal&#44; coupled with meticulous intraoperative manipulations &#40;avoiding the rupture of arachnoid membrane&#41; and good preoperative care &#40;controlling of premorbid factors&#41;&#44; altogether influence the successful outcome of the surgical procedure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acetazolamide can decrease CSF production by inhibiting the choroid plexus carbonic anhydrase enzyme&#44; resulting in CSF volume and intracranial pressure reduction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;14&#44;32&#44;33</span></a>&#46; It has been extensively used to control CSF leak in different settings<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;16&#44;33&#44;34</span></a>&#46; Early Acetazolamide administration has been recommended due to its ability to reduce CSF leak in high-risk patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; In the present study no significant reduction in CSF leak rate was established among the two study groups and in the accumulative analysis&#46; Instead&#44; we observed an increase in side effects in patients that were administered with acetazolamide&#46; Congruently&#44; shahjouei et al&#46; in a similar prior study on pediatric patients suggested that risk of side effect in acetazolamide administration may exceed its probable benefits<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46; Some of these side effects may include&#8212;electrolyte and metabolic disturbances &#40;metabolic acidosis&#41;&#44; drowsiness&#44; and blurring vision&#59; therefore&#44; acetazolamide is not relevantly advised in patients with CSF rhinorrhea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; The mechanism by which acetazolamide causes metabolic acidosis is by preventing hydration of carbon dioxide and dehydration of carbonic acid&#46; Interestingly&#44; studies have also shown a decrease in the complication rates after surgery in pediatric patients with tethered cord syndrome and prone positioning independent of the effect of acetazolamide<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46; Although&#44; we observed a decreased number of patients with CSF leak post-operative in CP&#43;A group than in CP&#8722;A group&#44; there was no Significant Difference between the two groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;402&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conclusions</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our finding suggests that acetazolamide may cause no significant effect in reducing CSF leak after dura opening or ID in spinal surgery for adult patients&#46; Therefore&#44; acetazolamide&#39;s prophylactic administration may not be essential for postoperative spinal surgery with dural opening or ID&#46; Furthermore&#44; the frequency of side effects of acetazolamide may exceed its potential advantage&#46;</p><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Study limitation</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No established standard pharmacotherapy dosing of acetazolamide in the management of CSF leak was a major shortcoming in the dosing used in this study&#46; Future studies about acetazolamide dosing protocols many be helpful to establish a correlation between the effect of the drug and CSF leak&#46; Additional prospective studies involving a larger sample size may be needed to track long-term acetazolamide complications on patients with CSF leak&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Funding</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Declaration</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Ethics Committee approved the Research Protocol of Tehran University of Medical Sciences&#44; Trial Registration code&#58; IRCT201501178612N2&#46; Consent was obtained&#44; and all patient information were kept confidential&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2021-04-07"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2021-06-29"
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            0 => "Acetazolamide"
            1 => "CSF leak"
            2 => "Adult spinal surgery"
            3 => "Prone position"
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          "clase" => "abr"
          "titulo" => "Abbreviations"
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            0 => "CSF"
            1 => "CNS"
            2 => "ID"
            3 => "OR"
            4 => "TUMS"
            5 => "AVF"
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            1 => "Fuga de LCR"
            2 => "Cirug&#237;a de columna en adultos"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Despite the use of acetazolamide in the management of CSF leak in most patients after CNS surgeries&#44; there is scant evidence in the literature about the efficacy of this established protocol among adult patients in post-spinal surgery observations&#46; We investigated the potential positive effect of acetazolamide in reducing CSF leak after spine surgery&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a single-center&#44; double-blind&#44; randomized -controlled trial comparing Oral Acetazolamide plus Corrected body &#40;prone&#41; position &#40;CP&#43;A&#41; versus Corrected body &#40;prone&#41; position alone &#40;CP&#8211;A&#41; from January 2014 to September 2015 in the Neurosurgery ward of Shariati Teaching Hospital&#44; Tehran University of Medical Sciences&#44; Tehran&#44; Iran&#46; Seventy-two Patients divided into two groups &#91;CP&#8211;A group &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;36&#44; 50&#37;&#41; and CP&#43;A group &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;36&#44; 50&#37;&#41;&#93; were randomly assigned to this Clinical Trial study&#46; CP&#43;A group &#40;maintained the 3&#47;4 lateral position&#8239;&#43;&#8239;dose of acetazolamide 20&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47;day in 3&#8211;4 divided doses for 7 days&#41;&#44; and CP&#8211;A group &#40;Control group&#41; &#40;maintained the 3&#47;4 lateral position for 7 days with no acetazolamide&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline characteristics between the two groups showed no significant differences&#58; Sex &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;637&#41;&#44; Age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;988&#41; and previous CNS operation at other location besides the spine &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;496&#41;&#46; Although we reported post-surgical CSF leak in 2&#47;36 &#40;5&#46;55&#37;&#41; of CP&#43;A group and 4&#47;36 &#40;11&#46;11&#37;&#41; of CP&#8211;A &#40;control&#41; group&#44; there was no significant difference observed between the two groups &#40;95&#37;CI&#44; 0&#46;081&#8211;2&#46;748&#59; OR&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;471&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;402&#59; Adjusted <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;247&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; no significant differences were observed when we examined surgical characteristics&#44; such as the size of the dural opening &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;489&#41; and type of operation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;465&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Acetazolamide has no positive effect in controlling CSF leak after dural opening&#47;dural tear in adult patients who undergo spinal surgery&#44; when we considered alongside the one-week prone position&#46; Therefore&#44; acetazolamide administration may not be essential for postoperative spinal surgery for dural tear&#46; Prospective studies involving a larger sample size may be needed to track long-term acetazolamide complications on patients with CSF leak&#46;</p></span>"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n y objetivos</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A pesar del uso de acetazolamida en el manejo de la fuga de LCR en la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes despu&#233;s de cirug&#237;as del SNC&#44; existe escasa evidencia en la literatura sobre la eficacia de este protocolo establecido entre pacientes adultos en observaciones poscirug&#237;a de columna&#46; Investigamos el posible efecto positivo de la acetazolamida en la reducci&#243;n de la fuga de LCR despu&#233;s de la cirug&#237;a de columna&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Realizamos un ensayo controlado aleatorio&#44; doble ciego&#44; de un solo centro comparando acetazolamida oral m&#225;s posici&#243;n corporal &#40;prona&#41; corregida &#40;CP&#43;A&#41; versus posici&#243;n corporal &#40;prona&#41; corregida sola &#40;CP&#8211;A&#41; desde enero de 2014 hasta septiembre de 2015 en la sala de neurocirug&#237;a del Hospital Docente Shariati&#44; Universidad de Ciencias M&#233;dicas de Teher&#225;n&#44; Teher&#225;n&#44; Ir&#225;n&#46; Setenta y dos pacientes divididos en dos grupos &#91;grupo CP&#8211;A &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;36&#44; 50&#37;&#41; y grupo CP&#43;A &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;36&#44; 50&#37;&#41;&#93; fueron asignados aleatoriamente a este ensayo cl&#237;nico&#46; Grupo CP&#43;A &#40;mantuvo la posici&#243;n lateral 3&#47;4&#8239;&#43;&#8239;dosis de acetazolamida 20&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a en 3&#8211;4 dosis divididas durante 7 d&#237;as&#41; y grupo CP&#8211;A &#40;grupo Control&#41; &#40;mantuvo la posici&#243;n lateral 3&#47;4 durante 7 d&#237;as&#41;&#46; 7 d&#237;as sin acetazolamida&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las caracter&#237;sticas basales entre los dos grupos no mostraron diferencias significativas&#58; sexo &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#44;637&#41;&#44; edad &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#44;988&#41; y operaci&#243;n previa del SNC en otra ubicaci&#243;n adem&#225;s de la columna &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#44;496&#41;&#46; Aunque informamos fuga de LCR posquir&#250;rgica en 2&#47;36 &#40;5&#44;55&#37;&#41; del grupo CP&#43;A y 4&#47;36 &#40;11&#44;11&#37;&#41; del grupo CP&#8211;A &#40;control&#41;&#44; no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos &#40;95&#37; IC&#44; 0&#44;081&#8211;2&#44;748&#59; OR&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;471&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#44;402&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> ajustado &#60;&#44;247&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; no se observaron diferencias significativas cuando examinamos las caracter&#237;sticas quir&#250;rgicas&#44; como el tama&#241;o de la abertura dural &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#44;489&#41; y el tipo de operaci&#243;n &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#44;465&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La acetazolamida no tiene un efecto positivo en el control de la fuga de LCR despu&#233;s de la apertura de la duramadre&#47;desgarro de la duramadre en pacientes adultos que se someten a cirug&#237;a de columna&#44; cuando se considera junto con la posici&#243;n prona de una semana&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; la administraci&#243;n de acetazolamida puede no ser esencial para la cirug&#237;a posoperatoria de la columna para el desgarro de la duramadre&#46; Es posible que se necesiten estudios prospectivos que involucren un tama&#241;o de muestra m&#225;s grande para rastrear las complicaciones de la acetazolamida a largo plazo en pacientes con p&#233;rdida de LCR&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n y objetivos"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Materiales y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as&#58; Kankam SB&#44; Amini E&#44; Khoshnevisan K&#44; Khoshnevisan A&#46; Investigaci&#243;n de la eficacia de la acetazolamida en la fuga de LCR en pacientes adultos despu&#233;s de una cirug&#237;a de columna&#46; Neurocirug&#237;a&#46; 2022&#59;33&#58;293&#8211;299&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prone position &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prone position&#8239;&#43;&#8239;acetazolamide &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;637&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;52&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;47&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;47&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;52&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age &#40;year&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">48&#46;55&#8239;&#177;&#8239;15&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;988&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;pCNSop-S&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;16&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;13&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;496&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prone position &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prone position&#8239;&#43;&#8239;acetazolamide &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;465&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Incidental dura tear&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;58&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;66&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">45 &#40;62&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dura opening&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;41&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;37&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Size of dura opening &#40;mm&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;08&#8239;&#177;&#8239;32&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;69&#8239;&#177;&#8239;33&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;39&#8239;&#177;&#8239;32&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;489&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Range Mean surgery time&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#8211;120&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#8211;180&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#8211;180&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnosis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;283&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Syrinx&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Discopathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;13&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;19&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tumor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;44&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;30&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;37&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fracture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cervical stenosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lumbar stenosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;30&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;36&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intradural AVF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tethered cord&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pseudomeningocele&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Vol. 33. Núm. 6.
Páginas 293-299 (noviembre - diciembre 2022)
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Vol. 33. Núm. 6.
Páginas 293-299 (noviembre - diciembre 2022)
Clinical Research
Investigating acetazolamide effectiveness on CSF leak in adult patients after spinal surgery
Investigación de la eficacia de la acetazolamida en la fuga de LCR en pacientes adultos después de una cirugía de columna
Samuel Berchi Kankama, Elham Aminib, Kamyar Khoshnevisanc, Alireza Khoshnevisana,
Autor para correspondencia
akhoshnevisan@tums.ac.ir

Corresponding author.
a Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
b Pharmaceutical Care Department, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
c Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Introduction and objectives

Despite the use of acetazolamide in the management of CSF leak in most patients after CNS surgeries, there is scant evidence in the literature about the efficacy of this established protocol among adult patients in post-spinal surgery observations. We investigated the potential positive effect of acetazolamide in reducing CSF leak after spine surgery.

Materials and methods

We conducted a single-center, double-blind, randomized -controlled trial comparing Oral Acetazolamide plus Corrected body (prone) position (CP+A) versus Corrected body (prone) position alone (CP–A) from January 2014 to September 2015 in the Neurosurgery ward of Shariati Teaching Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seventy-two Patients divided into two groups [CP–A group (n = 36, 50%) and CP+A group (n = 36, 50%)] were randomly assigned to this Clinical Trial study. CP+A group (maintained the 3/4 lateral position + dose of acetazolamide 20 mg/kg/day in 3–4 divided doses for 7 days), and CP–A group (Control group) (maintained the 3/4 lateral position for 7 days with no acetazolamide).

Results

Baseline characteristics between the two groups showed no significant differences: Sex (P < .637), Age (P < .988) and previous CNS operation at other location besides the spine (P < .496). Although we reported post-surgical CSF leak in 2/36 (5.55%) of CP+A group and 4/36 (11.11%) of CP–A (control) group, there was no significant difference observed between the two groups (95%CI, 0.081–2.748; OR = 0.471; P < .402; Adjusted P < .247). Additionally, no significant differences were observed when we examined surgical characteristics, such as the size of the dural opening (P < .489) and type of operation (P < .465).

Conclusion

Acetazolamide has no positive effect in controlling CSF leak after dural opening/dural tear in adult patients who undergo spinal surgery, when we considered alongside the one-week prone position. Therefore, acetazolamide administration may not be essential for postoperative spinal surgery for dural tear. Prospective studies involving a larger sample size may be needed to track long-term acetazolamide complications on patients with CSF leak.

Keywords:
Acetazolamide
CSF leak
Adult spinal surgery
Prone position
Abbreviations:
CSF
CNS
ID
OR
TUMS
AVF
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos

A pesar del uso de acetazolamida en el manejo de la fuga de LCR en la mayoría de los pacientes después de cirugías del SNC, existe escasa evidencia en la literatura sobre la eficacia de este protocolo establecido entre pacientes adultos en observaciones poscirugía de columna. Investigamos el posible efecto positivo de la acetazolamida en la reducción de la fuga de LCR después de la cirugía de columna.

Materiales y métodos

Realizamos un ensayo controlado aleatorio, doble ciego, de un solo centro comparando acetazolamida oral más posición corporal (prona) corregida (CP+A) versus posición corporal (prona) corregida sola (CP–A) desde enero de 2014 hasta septiembre de 2015 en la sala de neurocirugía del Hospital Docente Shariati, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Teherán, Teherán, Irán. Setenta y dos pacientes divididos en dos grupos [grupo CP–A (n = 36, 50%) y grupo CP+A (n = 36, 50%)] fueron asignados aleatoriamente a este ensayo clínico. Grupo CP+A (mantuvo la posición lateral 3/4 + dosis de acetazolamida 20 mg/kg/día en 3–4 dosis divididas durante 7 días) y grupo CP–A (grupo Control) (mantuvo la posición lateral 3/4 durante 7 días). 7 días sin acetazolamida).

Resultados

Las características basales entre los dos grupos no mostraron diferencias significativas: sexo (P < ,637), edad (P < ,988) y operación previa del SNC en otra ubicación además de la columna (P < ,496). Aunque informamos fuga de LCR posquirúrgica en 2/36 (5,55%) del grupo CP+A y 4/36 (11,11%) del grupo CP–A (control), no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos (95% IC, 0,081–2,748; OR = 0,471; P < ,402; P ajustado <,247). Además, no se observaron diferencias significativas cuando examinamos las características quirúrgicas, como el tamaño de la abertura dural (P < ,489) y el tipo de operación (P < ,465).

Conclusión

La acetazolamida no tiene un efecto positivo en el control de la fuga de LCR después de la apertura de la duramadre/desgarro de la duramadre en pacientes adultos que se someten a cirugía de columna, cuando se considera junto con la posición prona de una semana. Por lo tanto, la administración de acetazolamida puede no ser esencial para la cirugía posoperatoria de la columna para el desgarro de la duramadre. Es posible que se necesiten estudios prospectivos que involucren un tamaño de muestra más grande para rastrear las complicaciones de la acetazolamida a largo plazo en pacientes con pérdida de LCR.

Palabras llave:
Acetazolamida
Fuga de LCR
Cirugía de columna en adultos
Posición prona

Artículo

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