Suggestions
Idioma
Guide for authors
Searcher
Journal Information
Vol. 37. Issue 1.
(January - February 2026)
Cite
Cite
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Visits
1236
Vol. 37. Issue 1.
(January - February 2026)
Special article

Measures to prevent surgical site infections in neurosurgery: Survey and comparative analysis

Medidas de prevención de infecciones quirúrgicas en neurocirugía: encuesta y análisis comparativo
Visits
1236
Cristina Sánchez-Vigueraa,
Corresponding author
cristinarevistasas@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Josep M. Badiab,c
a Department of Neurosurgery, Malaga Regional University Hospital, Malaga, Spain
b Department of Surgery, Granollers General Hospital, Granollers, Barcelona, Spain
c International University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Abstract
Introduction

Surgical site infections (SSI) are among the most common type of healthcare-associated infections and are involved with an increase in morbidity, mortality and higher healthcare costs.

Methods

The Observatory of Infection in Surgery has conducted a survey to assess the level of awareness and implementation of the preventive measures for SSI. A 64-question questionnaire was given to SENEC (Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía) members.

Results

The survey was answered by 123 neurosurgeons. There is a gap between clinical guidelines and neurosurgery practice (67%), even though neurosurgeons place a high value on international (81.7%) or national (78.7%) clinical guidelines. There are still practices not supported by scientific evidence that some of our respondents follow, including antibiotic prophylaxis≥24h (10.6%), the habit of not allowing the antiseptic solution to air dry (38.2%) or the use of transparent plastic adhesive drape on the surgical field (77.4%). The most widespread practice for hair management is the selective removal from the surgical area (83.3%). It is most commonly performed by the neurosurgeon himself, in the operating room, which is a significant difference from the use of other surgical specialties (68.5% vs 3.5%, P<.001). There are only 37% of respondents who use alcohol solutions. Double-gloving is utilised by 16.7% of neurosurgeons. The usual use of drainage is quite widespread (60.7%), while the rate of nutritional assessment prior to major surgery is very low (7.5%). Only 37.2% report providing feedback on SSI rates to surgical teams, and a small 16.5% have received specific training programmes on SSI.

Conclusion

Scientific evidence-supported measures are not fully incorporated into neurosurgical practice, and there is a lack of specific training in surgical infection prevention. Additionally, a specific issue has been identified, particularly regarding hair management. Neurosurgeons should actively participate in SSI prevention programmes and analyse the reasons why they do not implement certain strategies into their clinical practice.

Keywords:
Surgical wound infections
Questionnaires and surveys
Prevention
Perioperative care
Resumen
Introducción

La infección de localización quirúrgica (ILQ) es una de las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria más prevalentes, provocando un aumento de morbilidad y de mortalidad, y unos costes más elevados.

Métodos

El Observatorio de Infección en Cirugía realizó una encuesta para conocer el grado de conocimiento y aplicación de las medidas preventivas de ILQ, difundiendo un cuestionario de 64 preguntas entre los miembros de la Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía (SENEC).

Resultados

Se recibieron 123 respuestas. Se detectó una discordancia entre las recomendaciones recogidas en las guías clínicas y la práctica asistencial (67%), a pesar de que se concede un gran valor a las guías clínicas internacionales (81,7%) o nacionales (78,7%). Aún hay prácticas no refrendadas por la evidencia científica que son seguidas por un porcentaje no desdeñable de nuestros encuestados. Por ejemplo, la profilaxis antibiótica >24h (10,6%), no dejar secar la solución antiséptica al aire (38,2%) o el uso de plástico transparente adhesivo sobre el campo quirúrgico (77,4%). En el manejo del cabello, la práctica más extendida es su eliminación selectiva de la zona quirúrgica (83,3%) y es mayoritario que lo realice el propio neurocirujano en el quirófano, algo que difiere significativamente de los usos de otras especialidades quirúrgicas (68,5 vs. 3,5%; p<0,001). La utilización de soluciones alcohólicas es minoritaria (37%). Solo el 16,7% usa doble guante. Está extendida la utilización habitual de drenaje (60,7%), mientras que la tasa de valoración nutricional previa a una cirugía mayor es muy baja (7,5%). Solo el 37,2% afirma tener feedback de sus tasas de ILQ y un escaso 16,5% ha tenido disponibles programas de formación específicos en ILQ.

Conclusión

Se ha identificado una insuficiente incorporación en la práctica neuroquirúrgica de algunas de las medidas refrendadas por la evidencia científica y una carencia de formación específica en prevención de la ILQ. Además, se detecta una problemática propia de nuestra especialidad, particularmente en lo referente al manejo del cabello. Es necesario un análisis específico de las causas por las que el neurocirujano no incorpora determinadas estrategias a su práctica clínica, así como una implicación activa del neurocirujano en los programas de prevención de la ILQ.

Palabras clave:
Infección de herida quirúrgica
Encuestas y cuestionarios
Prevención
Cuidados perioperatorios

Article

These are the options to access the full texts of the publication Neurocirugía (English edition)
Member
Member of the Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía

If it is the first time you have accessed you can obtain your credentials by contacting Elsevier Spain in suscripciones@elsevier.com or by calling our Customer Service at902 88 87 40 if you are calling from Spain or at +34 932 418 800 (from 9 to 18h., GMT + 1) if you are calling outside of Spain.

If you already have your login data, please click here .

If you have forgotten your password you can you can recover it by clicking here and selecting the option ¿I have forgotten my password¿.

Subscriber
Subscriber

If you already have your login data, please click here .

If you have forgotten your password you can you can recover it by clicking here and selecting the option “I have forgotten my password”
Subscribe
Subscribe to
Neurocirugía (English edition)
Purchase
Purchase article

Purchasing article the PDF version will be downloaded

Purchase now
Contact
Phone for subscriptions and reporting of errors
From Monday to Friday from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. (GMT + 1) except for the months of July and August which will be from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Calls from Spain
932 415 960
Calls from outside Spain
+34 932 415 960
Email
References
[1]
Sociedad Española de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública e Higiene.
Estudio de prevalencia de infecciones nosocomiales en España.
[2]
Sociedad Española de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública e Higiene.
Estudio de prevalencia de infecciones nosocomiales en España.
[3]
National Healthcare Safety Network.
Surgical site infections.
(January 2024),
[4]
J.M. Badia, A.L. Casey, N. Petrosillo, P.M. Hudson, S.A. Mitchell, C. Crosby.
Impact of surgical site infection on healthcare costs and patient outcomes: a systematic review in six European countries.
J Hosp Infect, 96 (2017), pp. 1-15
[5]
C. Edwards, A. Counsell, C. Boulton, C.G. Moran.
Early infection after hip fracture surgery: risk factors, costs and outcome.
J Bone Joint Surg Br, 90 (2008), pp. 770-777
[6]
J.L. Alfonso, S.B. Pereperez, J.M. Canoves, M.M. Martinez, I.M. Martinez, J.M. Martin-Moreno.
Are we really seeing the total costs of surgical site infections? A Spanish study.
Wound Repair Regen, 15 (2007), pp. 474-481
[7]
A.B. O’Keeffe, T. Lawrence, S. Bojanic.
Oxford craniotomy infections database: a cost analysis of craniotomy infection.
Br J Neurosurg, 26 (2012), pp. 265-269
[8]
E. Jiménez-Martínez, G. Cuervo, J. Carratalà, et al.
Economic impact of a care bundle to prevent surgical site infection after craniotomy: a cost-analysis study.
Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 10 (2021), pp. 146
[9]
S.I. Berríos-Torres, C.A. Umscheid, D.W. Bratzler, et al.
Healthcare infection control practices advisory committee centers for disease control and prevention. Guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017.
JAMA Surg, 152 (2017), pp. 784-791
[10]
Global guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550475 [consulted 12.9.24].
[11]
Surgical site infections: prevention, treatment.
NICE guideline (NG125).
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), (2020),
[12]
F.J. Gómez-Romero, M. Fernández-Prada, J.F. Navarro-Gracia.
Prevención de la infección de sitio quirúrgico: análisis y revisión narrativa de las guías de práctica clínica.
[13]
Guía de Práctica Clínica para la Seguridad del Paciente Quirúrgico.
Política Social e Igualdad, (2010),
[14]
J.M. Badia, I. Rubio Pérez, A. Manuel, et al.
Medidas de prevención de la infección de localización quirúrgica en cirugía general Documento de posicionamiento de la Sección de Infección Quirúrgica de la Asociación Española de Cirujanos.
[15]
J.F. Navarro Gracia, R. Herruzo Cabrera, F.J. Lozano García, et al.
Protocolo de trabajo de la SEMPSPGS para el Proyecto Infección Quirúrgica Zero Año 2022.
Rev Esp Med Prev Salud Pública, 27 (2022), pp. 32-51
[16]
J.M. Badia, M.A. Zaragüeta, I. Rubio-Pérez, E. Espin-Basany, C.G. Sánchez, J.M. Balibrea.
¿Qué hemos aprendido de las encuestas de la AEC AECP y del Observatorio de Infección en Cirugía?. Cumplimiento de las medidas de prevención de infección postoperatoria y comparación con las recomendaciones de la AEC.
Cir Esp, 100 (2022), pp. 392-403
[17]
N. Agarwal, P. Agarwal, A. Querry, et al.
Implementation of an infection prevention bundle and increased physician awareness improves surgical outcomes and reduces costs associated with spine surgery.
J Neurosurg Spine, 29 (2018), pp. 108-114
[18]
J.M. Badia, A.L. Casey, I. Rubio-Pérez, C. Crosby, N. Arroyo-García, J.M. Balibrea.
A survey to identify the breach between evidence and practice in the prevention of surgical infection: time to take action.
Int J Surg, 54 (2018), pp. 290-297
[19]
J.M. Badia, I. Rubio-Pérez, J. López-Menéndez, Spanish Observatory of Surgical Infection, et al.
The persistent breach between evidence and practice in the prevention of surgical site infection. Qualitative study.
Int J Surg, 82 (2020), pp. 231-239
[20]
J. López-Menéndez, L. Varela, J. Rodríguez-Roda, et al.
Implementación de las recomendaciones para la prevención de infección de localización quirúrgica en España: encuesta para evaluación de discrepancias con la práctica clínica en cirugía cardiovascular.
Cir Cardiovasc, 27 (2020), pp. 16-21
[21]
M.L. Broekman, J. van Beijnum, W.C. Peul, L. Regli.
Neurosurgery and shaving: what's the evidence?.
J Neurosurg, 115 (2011), pp. 670-678
[22]
A. Richards, M. Zaben, C. Patel, P. Leach.
The need for hair removal in paediatric brain tumour surgery?.
Br J Neurosurg, 38 (2024), pp. 346-348
[23]
W.J. Liu, Y.C. Duan, M.J. Chen, L. Tu, A.P. Yu, X.L. Jiang.
Effectiveness of preoperative shaving and postoperative shampooing on the infection rate in neurosurgery patients: a meta-analysis.
Int J Nurs Stud, 131 (2022), pp. 104240
[24]
D. Gupta, R. Goda, S. Up.
Cultural aspects of the hair removal, hair care and neurosurgeon.
Br J Neurosurg, 35 (2021), pp. 655-657
[25]
S. Matsuda, F. Ikawa, H. Ohba, et al.
Questionnaire survey regarding prevention of surgical site infection after neurosurgery in japan: focus on perioperative management and administration of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis.
Neurol Med Chir, 59 (2019), pp. 197-203
[26]
J. Tanner, K. Melen.
Preoperative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 8 (2021),
[27]
M. Maiwald, E.S. Chan.
The forgotten role of alcohol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical efficacy and perceived role of chlorhexidine in skin antisepsis.
[28]
M. Maiwald, E.S. Chan.
Pitfalls in evidence assessment: the case of chlorhexidine and alcohol in skin antisepsis.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 69 (2014), pp. 2017-2021
[29]
A.F. Widmer, A. Atkinson, S.P. Kuster, et al.
Povidone iodine vs chlorhexidine gluconate in alcohol for preoperative skin antisepsis: a randomized clinical trial.
JAMA, 332 (2024), pp. 541-549
[30]
N.E. Epstein.
Review: perspective on ocular toxicity of presurgical skin preparations utilizing Chlorhexidine Gluconate/Hibiclens/Chloraprep.
Surg Neurol Int, 12 (2021), pp. 335
[31]
A. Bonnet, M. Devienne, V. De Broucker, V. Duquennoy-Martinot, P. Guerreschi.
Operating room fire: should we mistrust alcoholic antiseptics?.
Ann Chir Plast Esthet, 60 (2015), pp. 255-261
[32]
H.S. Meltzer, R. Granville, H.E. Aryan, G. Billman, R. Bennett, M.L. Levy.
Gel-based surgical preparation resulting in an operating room fire during a neurosurgical procedure: case report.
J Neurosurg, 102 (2005), pp. 347-349
[33]
Herruzo R, Herruzo I. Antimicrobial efficacy of a very stable hypochlorous acid formula compared with other antiseptics used in treating wounds: in-vitro study on micro-organisms with or without biofilm. J Hosp Infect. 2020;105:289–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.013.
[34]
G.M. Ghobrial, M.Y. Wang, B.A. Green, et al.
Preoperative skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine gluconate versus povidone-iodine: a prospective analysis of 6959 consecutive spinal surgery patients.
J Neurosurg Spine, 28 (2018), pp. 209-214
[35]
J. Webster, A. Alghamdi.
Use of plastic adhesive drapes during surgery for preventing surgical site infection.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015 (2015), pp. CD006353
Idiomas
Neurocirugía (English edition)
Article options
Tools