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Review article
Uncorrected Proof. Available online 1 September 2026

The microsurgery laboratory in neurosurgical training

El laboratorio de microcirugía en la formación del neurocirujano
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Emilio González Martíneza, Belén Álvarez Fernándezb, María Victoria Diago Santamaríac, Giancarlo Mattos Piaggioa, Javier Robla Costalesa, Javier Ibáñez Plágaroa, José García-Cosamalóna,
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jcosamalon@smonica.es

Corresponding author.
a Servicio de Neurocirugía, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León (CAULE), León, Spain
b Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
c Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León (CAULE), León, Spain
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Abstract

The complexity of the dissection and nerve, vascular, arachnoid, and dural reconstruction techniques faced by neurosurgeons in their daily practice demands microsurgical training in the laboratory. Vascular microanastomosis techniques are essential for cerebral revascularization, the treatment of complex aneurysms, and the resection of some skull base tumors. However, training in microvascular surgery presents the challenge of being difficult to teach intraoperatively, along with the disadvantage of a limited number of clinical cases due to the rise of endovascular procedures. Microsurgical training should be conducted through a structured and supervised program, using validated models of increasing difficulty. For preliminary exercises, synthetic models and ex-vivo biological tissues are useful. Proficiency is achieved by performing microanastomosis (end-to-end and end-to-side) in living animals. In this article, we describe the most suitable models for training neurosurgery residents in the microsurgery laboratory, based on over three decades of our teaching experience in microsurgery.

Keywords:
Neuromicrosurgical education
Training in microsurgical techniques
Microsurgical laboratory
Resumen

La complejidad de las técnicas de disección y de reconstrucción nerviosa, vascular, aracnoidea y dural, a las que se enfrenta el neurocirujano en su práctica habitual, exige un adiestramiento microquirúrgico en el laboratorio. Las técnicas de microanastomosis vascular son imprescindibles en la revascularización cerebral, en el tratamiento de aneurismas complejos y en la resección de algunos tumores de la base del cráneo. Sin embargo, la formación en cirugía microvascular tiene el inconveniente de la inviabilidad de su enseñanza intraoperatoria y la desventaja de un escaso número de casos clínicos, debido al auge de los procedimientos endovasculares. El entrenamiento en microcirugía debe realizarse con un programa sistematizado y tutorizado, utilizando modelos validados y de dificultad progresiva. Para ejercicios preliminares son útiles los modelos sintéticos y con tejidos biológicos ex vivo. El perfeccionamiento se obtiene realizando microanastomosis (término-terminal, término-lateral) en el animal vivo. En el presente artículo se describen los modelos idóneos para la formación del médico residente de neurocirugía en el laboratorio de microcirugía basados en nuestra experiencia docente en microcirugía desde hace más de tres décadas.

Palabras clave:
Formación en microneurocirugía
Entrenamiento en técnicas de microcirugía
Laboratorio de microcirugía

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