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Review article
Available online 12 June 2025
The genesis of Academic Neurosurgery. Part I: The so-called “Gestational Period” and the contributions of Harvey Cushing
La génesis de la Neurocirugía Académica. Parte I: El llamado “Periodo Gestacional” y las contribuciones de Harvey Cushing
Ramiro D. Lobatoa,b,
Corresponding author
ramirodiezlobato@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Alfonso Lagaresa,b,c, Pedro A. Gómez Lópeza,c, José A.F. Alénd, Pedro González Leóna, Angel Pérez Núñeza,b,c, Beatriz Pascuala
a Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
b Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
c Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Imas12, Madrid, Spain
d Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
Received 02 February 2025. Accepted 09 April 2025
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Abstract

This is the first of five papers describing the origin and evolution of the so-called Academic Neurosurgery which will appear consecutively in the journal Neurocirugía. The three firsts focuse on the emergence of the specialty in Europe and the United States and its development in the last country between the origins and the present moment, paying special attention to the foundation of the neurosurgical societies (SNS, AANS, CNS) with their respective journals and the configuration of the residency programs. The fourth analyzes the same issues in Europe and, most specifically in Spain, also from the beginnigs to the XXI century. The fifth describes the development of Academic Neurosurgery in a neurosurgical unit of one of hospitals created by the National Social Security System in the early 1970s.

The present paper describes the initiatives, difficulties and achievements of the pioneers at both sides of the Atlantic during the so called Gestational Period for creating the new and independent specialty of Neurosurgey conceived as a scientific and clínico-surgical activiy with an academic profil.

Keywords:
Neurosurgery
Horsley
MacEwen
Osler
Halsted
Cushing
Dandy
Residency system
Graduate training
Research
Johns Hopkins
Abbreviations:
SNS
AANS
CNS
EANS
Resumen

Este artículo es el primero de cinco enfocados sobre la génesis y evolución de la llamada Neurocirugía Académica (Ncgía-Acad) que se remitirán a la revista Neurocirugía para su publicación. Los tres primeros contemplan el nacimiento de la especialidad en Europa y los EE.UU. de América y su desarrollo posterior en este último país prestando especial atención a la creación de las sociedades neuroquirúrgicas (SNS, AANS, CNS) con sus órganos respectivos de expresión (Journals), y a la configuración del sistema de residencia de postgrado. El cuarto se ocupa de su recorrido en Europa, y más en particular de lo ocurrido en España, entre los orígenes y el momento actual; y el quinto se centra en la descripción de su desarrollo en un servicio representativo de la moderna red hospitalaria de la Seguridad Social creada en los 1970s.

Aquí se describen las iniciativas, dificultades y logros de los pioneros en la etapa inicial de la creación de la Neurocirugía (el llamado Gestational Period) para hacer de ella una especialidad independiente concebida como una actividad científica y clínico-quirúrgica de perfil académico.

Palabras clave:
Neurocirugía
Horsley
MacEwen
Cushing
Halsted
Dandy
Sistema de residencia
Enseñanza de postgrado
Investigación
Escuela del Johns Hopkins

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