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Uncorrected Proof. Available online 26 March 2026

The evolution of the neurosurgery residency system in North America. Part I. From the origins to the 1970s

La evolución del sistema de residencia en neurocirugía en Norteamérica. Parte I. Desde los orígenes a la década de los 1970s
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Ramiro D. Lobatoa,c,
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ramirodiezlobato@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Luis Jiménez-Roldána,b,c, Ángel Pérez Núñeza,b,c, Pedro Gonzáleza, Ana María Castaño-Leóna,b,c, Mónica Maldonadoa,b,c, Alfonso Lagaresa,b,c
a Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
b Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Hospital 12 de Octubre, imas12, Madrid, Spain
c Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Cirugía, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract

This article analyzes the evolution of the residency system in the United States of America, from its inception at Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical School to the 1970s, and is followed by a second paper (Part II) completing the analysis up to the present day. The establishment of a formal residency system began with the altruistic commitment of an academic staff dedicated full-time to clinical care, teaching, and research, along with the equally unconditional dedication of the first residents, who, in exchange for their exhausting work, received only the knowledge they acquired. This initial scenario contrasts sharply with the current situation, in which – despite having excellent technical resources and stable working conditions – the academic hospital staff and residents experience a decline in the quality of teaching and research. A decline caused, among other factors, by funding cuts and the reduction of residents’ working hours, which have forced them to “compress” their workload to the detriment of both patient care and their own learning. A better understanding of the advances and setbacks experienced by the residency system throughout the 20th century and the first two decades of the 21st may help address some of the dysfunctions that currently affect it.

Keywords:
Neurosurgery
Residency
Graduate teaching
Competency based medical education
Resumen

Este artículo analiza la evolución del sistema de residencia de posgrado en los EE. UU. de América desde su creación en el hospital y la escuela médica del Johns Hopkins hasta la década de los 1970s, y va seguido por otro (Parte II), que completa el análisis hasta la actualidad. La creación del sistema formalizado de residencia arrancó con la entrega altruista de un staff académico que trabajaba con dedicación fulltime a la asistencia, la docencia y la investigación, y la disposición no menos incondicional a la tarea de los primeros residentes, que a cambio de su agotador trabajo solo recibían el aprendizaje conseguido. Una situación de partida que choca con la actual, cuando gozando de excelentes medios técnicos y una situación laboral estable, los miembros del staff y los residentes de los hospitales académicos se resienten del deterioro de la calidad de la enseñanza y la investigación. Un menoscabo causado, entre otros factores, por los recortes de la financiación y la regulación a la baja del horario laboral del residente que tiene que «comprimir en el tiempo» su trabajo en detrimento de la atención al paciente y de su propio aprendizaje. Es de esperar que el conocimiento de los avances y tropiezos del sistema de residencia ocurridos a lo largo del siglo xx y las 2 primeras décadas del xxi ayude a resolver algunas de las disfunciones que le afectan en la actualidad.

Palabras clave:
Neurocirugía
Residencia en neurocirugía
Enseñanza de posgrado
Enseñanza basada en competencias

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