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Vol. 19. Issue 1.
Pages 12-24 (January 2008)
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Vol. 19. Issue 1.
Pages 12-24 (January 2008)
Tratamiento quirúrgico de la hemorragia intracerebral espontánea. Parte I: Hemorragia supratentorial
Surgical treatment for spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. Part I: Supratentorial haematomas
A. Pérez-Núñez
, A. Lagares, B. Pascual, J.J. Rivas, R. Alday, P. González, A. Cabrera, R.D. Lobato
Servicio de Neurocirugía. Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre. Madrid
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Resumen

La hemorragia intracerebral espontánea (HIE) constituye uno de los procesos ictales de mayor gravedad. A pesar de esto y de una elevada incidencia, su tratamiento médico no va mucho más allá de un papel de soporte vital y control médico de la hipertensión intracraneal, y las indicaciones del tratamiento quirúrgico están pobremente basadas en evidencia científica.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar las bases de la indicación quirúrgica en la HIE supratentorial.

Encontramos 10 ensayos clínicos y 5 meta-análisis en lengua inglesa que analizaban la utilidad del tratamiento quirúrgico en esta patología. Aunque globalmente estos estudios no mostraron un beneficio significativo del tratamiento quirúrgico en el conjunto de pacientes con HIE supratentorial, existe un subgrupo de pacientes en los que parece que dicho tratamiento podría ser beneficioso.

En la hemorragia intracerebral espontánea supratentorial las recomendaciones actuales indican que los pacientes jóvenes, con hematomas lobares cuyo volumen causa un deterioro del nivel de consciencia, deben ser intervenidos. En pacientes con hematomas putaminales que reúnen las mismas condiciones de edad y deterioro neurológico la cirugía podría mejorar la evolución, al menos en términos de supervivencia. Un grave deterioro neurológico con GCS<5, la localización talámica y la presencia de una situación basal o edad que impidan una adecuada recuperación funcional, son criterios considerados tradicionalmente contraindicación del tratamiento quirúrgico. Dada la ausencia de evidencia científica sólida en la que sustentar estas recomendaciones, la decisión terapéutica debe realizarse de manera individualizada y prestando atención al soporte sociofamiliar del paciente, que jugará un papel importante en la evolución del mismo a medio/largo plazo.

Palabras clave:
Hemorragia intracerebral
Cirugía
Tratamiento
Summary

Spontaneous intracerebral haematoma (SICH) represents one the most severe subtypes of ictus. However, and despite a high incidence, medical treatment is almost limited to life support and to control intracranial hypertension and indications of surgical treatment are poorly defined.

The aim of this paper was to review the evidence supporting surgical evacuation of SICH.

Ten clinical trials and five meta-analyses studying the results of surgical treatment on this pathology were found on English literature. These studies considered all together, failed to show a significant benefit of surgical evacuation in patients with SICH considered as a whole. However, a subgroup of these patients has been considered to potentially present a better outcome after surgical treatment.

Current recommendations on supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage state that young patients with lobar haematomas causing deterioration on the level of consciousness should be operated on. Patients suffering from putaminal haematomas and fitting with the same criteria of age and neurological deterioration could also benefit from surgery, at least on terms of survival. Deep neurological deterioration with GCS<5, thalamic location, severe functional deterioration on basal condition or advanced age precluding an adequate functional outcome, have been traditionally considered criteria contraindicating surgery. Given the absence of strong scientific evidence to indicate surgery, this measure should be taken on a tailored manner, and taking into account the social-familiar environment of the patient, that will strongly condition his/her future quality of life.

Key words:
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Surgery
Treatment

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