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Vol. 16. Issue 5.
Pages 447-452 (January 2005)
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Vol. 16. Issue 5.
Pages 447-452 (January 2005)
Hematoma subaracnoideo espinal tras punción lumbar en paciente con leucemia. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura
Spinal subarachnoid hematoma after lumbar puncture in a patient with leukemia. Report of a case and review of the literature
J. Ayerbe
, P. Sousa
Servicios de Neurocirugía. Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Madrid
D. Quiñones*, E. Prieto**
* Servicios de Neurorradiología. Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Madrid
** Servicios de Hematología. Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Madrid
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Resumen

La compresión mielo-radicular aguda secundaria a un hematoma subaracnoideo espinal (HSAE) es una complicación extremadamente rara tras una punción lumbar (PL). En el mecanismo de producción de estos hematomas han sido implicados diversos factores de riesgo, principalmente la presencia de trastornos de la hemostasia en el paciente.

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 20 años con leucemia aguda y trombocitopenia (26.000 plaquetas/mm3) que, tras ser sometido a una PL, desarrolló una paraparesia con imposibilidad para la bipedestación. La resonancia magnética (RM) demostró la presencia de un hematoma intradural ventral desde D12 hasta L4. Se realizó una laminectomía descompresiva de urgencia y se pudo evacuar parcialmente un hematoma localizado en el espacio subaracnoideo. Al cuarto día postoperatorio, el paciente consiguió caminar sin ayuda, pero falleció un mes después debido a complicaciones sistémicas de su enfermedad.

Sólo se han encontrado 26 casos de HSAE tras PL en la revisión de la literatura que hemos realizado. Se han observado las siguientes características comunes a la mayoría de ellos: asociación con tratamientos anticoagulantes, asociación con trombocitopenia, aparición de síndrome compresivo mielo-radicular de forma retardada, necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico, buen resultado funcional en la mitad de los pacientes, y corta esperanza de vida en aquellos con enfermedad previa grave. En pacientes leucémicos con tendencia a tener marcada trombocitopenia (quizás por debajo de 25.000 plaquetas/mms), el riesgo de desarrollar un HSAE tras PL puede ser elevado.

Palabras clave:
Hematoma subaracnoideo espinal
Punción lumbar
Abreviaturas:
HSAE
LP
PL
SSAH
Summary

Acute myeloradicular compression due to a spinal subarachnoid hematoma (SSAH) after lumbar puncture (LP) is an extremely rare complication. Several risk factors have been involved in the production of these hematomas, mainly the presence of hemostasis disorders in the patient.

We report the case of a 20-year-old man with leukemia and thrombocytopenia (26.000 platelets/mm3) who, after undergoing a LP, developed paraparesis and became unable to stand. A magnetic resonance disclosed the presence of a ventral intradural hematoma from D12 to L4. An emergency decompressive laminectomy was performed and an hematoma located in the subarachnoid space was partially removed. On the fourth postoperative day, the patient was able to walk without assistance, but one month later, he died because of systemic complications of his disease.

Only 26 cases of SSAH after LP have been found in the literature review we have performed. In most of them, the following common features have been observed: association with anticoagulant therapies, association with thrombocytopenia, delayed onset of compressive myeloradicular syndrome, need of surgical treatment, good functional outcome in half of patients, and short life expectancy for patients with previous serious illness. Risk for developing a SSAH after LP could be high in leukemia patients with a tendency to have severe thrombocytopenia (perhaps less than 25.000 platelets/mm3).

Key words:
Spinal subarachnoid hematoma
Lumbar puncture

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