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Vol. 14. Issue 4.
Pages 295-300 (January 2003)
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Vol. 14. Issue 4.
Pages 295-300 (January 2003)
Hemorragia subaracnoidea espontánea: ¿Es útil la ultrasonografía Doppler transcraneal urgente?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage, transcranial doppler ultrasonography, delayed ischemic deficit, vasopasm
A. Muñoz-Sánchez
, F. Murillo Cabezas, Ma.D. Rincón, Ma.V. Rivera, I. Herrera, J.M. Flores-Cordero, C. García-Alfaro
Servicio de Cuidados Críticos y Urgencias, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla
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Resumen
Objetivo

Establecer el valor de la ultrasonografía Doppler transcraneal (TCD) en las primeras 24 horas de asistencia hospitalaria de la hemorragia subaracnoidea espontánea (HSA) en buen estado neurológico, para detectar un grupo de alto riesgo de vasoespasmo sintomático.

Material y Método

Estudio prospectivo de cohortes. Se incluyen 49 HSA espontáneas, grado clínico de I a III en la escala de Hunt-Hess. Se efectúo estudio de TCD (velocidad media, Vm), en las primeras 24 horas de estancia hospitalaria, con control entre el 4° y 14° día. Los enfermos se clasificaron según acudieran al hospital en las primeras 72 horas del sangrado (Grupo 1) o con posterioridad (Grupo 2).

Resultados

Treinta y tres HSA accedieron al Hospital en las primeras 72 horas (Grupo 1) y 16 ulteriormente (Grupo 2). Trece pacientes (26,5%) presentaron vasoespasmo sonográfico (Vm>120cm×seg., con IL>3). En ocho de los 13 (61%) el vasoespasmo fue sintomático. Las Vm iniciales del Grupo 1 fueron siempre normales. El incremento de Vm/24h (▴Vm/24h), en las primeras 72 horas tras la HSA, fue significativamente superior (p<0,007) en quienes sufrieron posteriormente vasoespasmo sonográfico. En el grupo 2, la Vm inicial fue mayor (p<0.01) en los enfermos que evolucionaban a vasoespasmo sonográfico, tanto sintomático como asintomático.

Conclusiones

La realización de un TCD urgente en las primeras 24 horas de una HSA de baja gravedad clínica permite seleccionar un grupo de pacientes con alto riesgo de vasoespasmo sintomático y por tanto es útil para decidir el destino óptimo del paciente. En los tres primeros días de la HSA el valor absoluto de la velocidad media no es útil, pero si el ▴Vm/24h. A partir del 4° día es suficiente el registro de la velocidad media.

Palabras clave:
Hemorragia subaracnoidea
Doppler transcraneal
Deterioro neurológico isquémico
Vasoespasmo
Summary
Objective

To ascertain the value of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) in the first 24 hours of hospital admission in patients suffering good-grade spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in order to detect a high-risk group for symptomatic vasospasm.

Method

Forty-nine spontaneous good-grade SAH were included. The first TCD studies were carried out at the Emergency Department. At least one more TCD recording was performed between the 4th and 14th day. Patients were classified according to whether they carne to the hospital during the first 72 hours after the haemo-rrhage (Group 1) or later (Group 2).

Findings

Thirty three patients were included in Group 1 and sixteen patients in Group 2. Thirteen patients (26.5%) had sonographic vasospasm. In eight of these patients (61%), the vasospasm was symptomatic. The initial mean velocity (MV) for Group 1 was normal. The increase in MV/24h (△MV/24h) within the first 72 hours after SAH was higher (p<0.007), in those whose developed sonographic vasospasm. In Group 2, the initial MV was greater (p<0.001)) in patients who suffered sonographic vasospasm, with or without symptoms.

Conclusions

The ability of TCD record ed in the first 24 hours of hospital admission to detect high-risk vasospasm patients for SAH with low clinical severity helps decide the most efficient patient destination. During the first three days the △MV/24h is of valué but not the absolute figure of the MV. In contrast, between the 4th and 14th day after SAH, the absolute figure of MV was useful to predict vasospasm.

Key words:
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
transcranial doppler ultrasonography
delayed ischemic deficit
vasospasm

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