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Vol. 13. Issue 3.
Pages 196-208 (January 2002)
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Vol. 13. Issue 3.
Pages 196-208 (January 2002)
Utilidad del doppler transcraneal en la fase precoz del traumatismo craneoencefálico
Usefulness of transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the early phase of the acute head injury
F. Murillo-Cabezas
, D. Arteta-Arteta, J.M. Flores-Cordero, Ma.A. Muñoz-Sánchez, Ma.D. Rincón-Ferrari, Ma.V. Rivera-Fernández
Unidad de Neurotraumatología. Servicio de Cuidados Críticos. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla
J.C. Alarcón-Cruz*
* Urgencias. Servicio de Neurocirugía. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla
Article information
Abstract
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Resumen
Objetivos

Conocer los hallazgos del Doppler transcraneal (DTC) en la fase precoz del Traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) y su valor pronóstico. Secundariamente evaluar la concordancia entre los datos obtenidos en el DTC por varios operadores.

Material y métodos

Estudio observacional, prospectivo y consecutivo de 275 pacientes con TCE grave y moderado a los que se les realizó un DTC en las primeras 12 horas postaccidente y un segundo dentro de las primeras 24 horas. Todos los TCE fueron tratados según un protocolo que incluía la evacuación precoz de lesiones ocupantes, la prevención de lesiones secundarias, mantener la PIC < 20mmHg y la PPC>60mmHg. Los resultados se valoraron mediante la Glasgow Outcome Score al alta de UCI. Se registró la velocidad media (VM) e índice de pulsatilidad (IP) de ambas arterias cerebrales medias (ACM) y de la porción intracraneal de la arteria carótida interna para calcular el índice de Lindegaard. Se anotó la presencia de hipoperfusión, hiperemia, vasoespasmo y paro circulatorio cerebral. Asimismo se registró la presencia de hipertensión endocraneal (HEC), la presión intracraneal (PIC) pico y moda; la presión de perfusión cerebral (PPC) menor y moda y la presión arterial media menor y moda. Para determinar la validez de los datos obtenidos se realizó un análisis de concordancia entre los evaluadores.

Resultados

: La concordancia entre evaluadores mostró un índice Kappa de 0,7863 (p< 0,0001). La mediana de estancia en UCI fue de 7 días (Q1–Q3 de 3–15 días), con una mortalidad intraUCI de 20,72% (57/275). Un 53,44% (147/275) mostraron buenos resultados funcionales (GOS 4–5) al alta de UCI. El DTC inicial mostró un descenso de la VM y un incremento del IP de la ACM. Un total de 80/275 (28,9%) mostraron un patrón hemodinámico normal, mientras que en el resto 195/275 (71,1%) fue anormal, predominando el patrón de hipoperfusión 181/275 (61,87%). Mostraron HEC 123 pacientes (58,01%) y PIC normal 89 (41,99%). Excepto la VM del día 1, se halló una relación estadísticamente significativa entre HEC y valores del DTC. El perfil de hipoperfusión inicial se relacionó con mayor incidencia de HEC (p<0,05). La disminución de VM e incremento del IP se asoció a aumento de mortalidad y a peores resultados funcionales con significación estadística, excepto la VM del día Los TCE que fallecieron en UCI mantuvieron en las primeras 24 horas elevado el IP, mientras que el grupo de supervivientes lo normalizó.

Conclusiones

El DTC precoz detecta un estado de hipoperfusión cerebral en el TCE grave y moderado, que implica actuaciones terapéuticas. Este estado de hipoperfusión muestra una excelente correlación con la gravedad de los pacientes, la incidencia de HEC y el resultado al alta de UCI. En manos experimentadas, los registros del DTC son fiables y reproducibles cuando se realizan por diferentes operadores.

Palabras clave:
Traumatismo craneoencefálico
Doppler transcraneal
Hipoperfusión cerebral
Hipertensión endocraneal
Summary
Objectives

1) To know the transcranial Doppler (TCD) patterns in the early phase of the severe and moderate head injury and its prognostic implications. 2) To ascertain the TCD measurements concordance among different operators.

Material and methods

A prospective observational study in 275 consecutive intensive care unit patients with severe or moderate head injury was designed. Within 12 hrs. of the traumatic event a TCD study was done and a second one within the first 24 hrs. All patients were managed following a protocol made with the aim of pro-moting the early evacuation of the intracranial space occupying mass, preventing delayed brain damage and keeping the intracranial pressure (ICP) < 20mm Hg and the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) > 60mm Hg. The patient outcome was categorized with the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at the discharge of the ICU. The mean velocity (MV) and the pulsatily index (PI) were measured in both middle cerebral arteries (MCA) and in the intracranial part of the internal carotid arteries in order to calculate the Lindegaard index. The presence of hypoperfusion, hyperaemia, vasospasm and cerebral circulatory arrest was registered. The presence of high intracranial pressure (HICP), the ICP peak and mode, the lowest CPP, the CPP mode, the minor medium arterial pressure (MAP) and the MAP mode were also recorded. A concordance analysis was made to ascertain the validity of the TCD data obtained by different operators.

Results

The concordance analysis among observers showed a kappa index of 0,7863 (p<0,0001). The median stay in ICU was 7 days (Q1–Q3 of 3–15 days). The intra-ICU mortality was 20,72% (57/275) and the 53,44% of patients (147/275) showed favourable outcome (GOS 4–5) at the discharge of the ICU. The initial TCD showed a MV decreased and a PI increased in the MCA. Eighty of the e 275 patients showed a normal haemodynamic pattern whereas the pattern was abnormal in the remaining 195,° the hypoperfusion pattern predominated ove-rall (181/275, 61,87%). HIPO was registered in 123 patients (58,01) an not in 89 (41,99%). A statistic signi-ficant correlation was found between the HICP and the DTC data. The early hypoperfusion pattern was related with a higher incidence of HICP (p>0,05). The decrease in the MV and the increase in the PI were significantly associated with a higher mortality and a worse functio-nal outcome (except for the MV within the first day). The PI was high within the first 24 h in the group of patients who died but was normalised among the survi-vals group.

Conclusions

Early TCD detects a cerebral hypoperfusion status in the severe and moderate head injury that may imply therapeutic considerations. This hypoperfusion strongly correlates with the severity of the injury, the incidence of HICP and the functional outcome at the ICU discharge. In experienced hands, TCD measurements are reliable when done by different operators.

Key words:
Head Injury
Transcranial Doppler ultrasound
Cerebral Hypoperfusion
Intracranial Hypertension status

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